{"id":487,"date":"2025-09-03T16:43:39","date_gmt":"2025-09-03T16:43:39","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/eurageng.eu\/?p=487"},"modified":"2025-08-30T17:11:15","modified_gmt":"2025-08-30T17:11:15","slug":"biosystems-engineering-volume-258-september-2025-104255-a-recent-paper","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/eurageng.eu\/?p=487","title":{"rendered":"Biosystems Engineering Volume 258, September 2025, 104255 - A Recent Paper"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2 id=\"screen-reader-main-title\" class=\"Head u-font-serif u-h2 u-margin-s-ver\"><span class=\"title-text\">Modelling machine-induced soil deformation in forest soils using stump proximity and machine learning<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><button class=\"button-link button-link-secondary button-link-underline\" type=\"button\" data-sd-ui-side-panel-opener=\"true\" data-xocs-content-type=\"author\" data-xocs-content-id=\"au000001\"><span class=\"button-link-text-container\"><span class=\"button-link-text\"><span class=\"react-xocs-alternative-link\"><span class=\"given-name\">Gunta<\/span> <span class=\"text surname\">Grube<\/span> <\/span><span id=\"baff1\" class=\"author-ref\"><sup>a<\/sup><\/span> <span id=\"baff2\" class=\"author-ref\"><sup>b<\/sup><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/button>, <button class=\"button-link button-link-secondary button-link-underline\" type=\"button\" data-sd-ui-side-panel-opener=\"true\" data-xocs-content-type=\"author\" data-xocs-content-id=\"au000002\"><span class=\"button-link-text-container\"><span class=\"button-link-text\"><span class=\"react-xocs-alternative-link\"><span class=\"given-name\">Stefano<\/span> <span class=\"text surname\">Grigolato<\/span> <\/span><span id=\"baff1\" class=\"author-ref\"><sup>a<\/sup><\/span> <span id=\"baff2\" class=\"author-ref\"><sup>b<\/sup><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/button>, <button class=\"button-link button-link-secondary button-link-underline\" type=\"button\" data-sd-ui-side-panel-opener=\"true\" data-xocs-content-type=\"author\" data-xocs-content-id=\"au000003\"><span class=\"button-link-text-container\"><span class=\"button-link-text\"><span class=\"react-xocs-alternative-link\"><span class=\"given-name\">Jari<\/span> <span class=\"text surname\">Ala-Ilom\u00e4ki<\/span> <\/span><span id=\"baff3\" class=\"author-ref\"><sup>c<\/sup><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/button>, <button class=\"button-link button-link-secondary button-link-underline\" type=\"button\" data-sd-ui-side-panel-opener=\"true\" data-xocs-content-type=\"author\" data-xocs-content-id=\"au000004\"><span class=\"button-link-text-container\"><span class=\"button-link-text\"><span class=\"react-xocs-alternative-link\"><span class=\"given-name\">Johanna<\/span> <span class=\"text surname\">Routa<\/span> <\/span><span id=\"baff4\" class=\"author-ref\"><sup>d<\/sup><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/button>, <button class=\"button-link button-link-secondary button-link-underline\" type=\"button\" data-sd-ui-side-panel-opener=\"true\" data-xocs-content-type=\"author\" data-xocs-content-id=\"au000005\"><span class=\"button-link-text-container\"><span class=\"button-link-text\"><span class=\"react-xocs-alternative-link\"><span class=\"given-name\">Harri<\/span> <span class=\"text surname\">Lindeman<\/span> <\/span><span id=\"baff5\" class=\"author-ref\"><sup>e<\/sup><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/button>, <button class=\"button-link button-link-secondary button-link-underline\" type=\"button\" data-sd-ui-side-panel-opener=\"true\" data-xocs-content-type=\"author\" data-xocs-content-id=\"au000006\"><span class=\"button-link-text-container\"><span class=\"button-link-text\"><span class=\"react-xocs-alternative-link\"><span class=\"given-name\">Rasmus<\/span> <span class=\"text surname\">Astrup<\/span> <\/span><span id=\"baff6\" class=\"author-ref\"><sup>f<\/sup><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/button>, <button class=\"button-link button-link-secondary button-link-underline\" type=\"button\" data-sd-ui-side-panel-opener=\"true\" data-xocs-content-type=\"author\" data-xocs-content-id=\"au000007\"><span class=\"button-link-text-container\"><span class=\"button-link-text\"><span class=\"react-xocs-alternative-link\"><span class=\"given-name\">Bruce<\/span> <span class=\"text surname\">Talbot<\/span> <\/span><span id=\"baff2\" class=\"author-ref\"><sup>b<\/sup><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/button><\/p>\n<dl class=\"affiliation\">\n<dt><sup>a<\/sup><\/dt>\n<dd>Department of Land, Environment, Agriculture and Forestry (TESAF), University of Padova, Viale dell\u2019Universit\u00e0 16, 35020 Legnaro, Padova, Italy<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<dl class=\"affiliation\">\n<dt><sup>b<\/sup><\/dt>\n<dd>Department of Forest and Wood Science, Stellenbosch University, Paul Sauer Building, Bosman St, 7599 Stellenbosch, South Africa<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<dl class=\"affiliation\">\n<dt><sup>c<\/sup><\/dt>\n<dd>Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Latokartanonkaari 9, 00790 Helsinki, Finland<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<dl class=\"affiliation\">\n<dt><sup>d<\/sup><\/dt>\n<dd>Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Yliopistokatu 6B, 80100 Joensuu, Finland<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<dl class=\"affiliation\">\n<dt><sup>e<\/sup><\/dt>\n<dd>Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Tekniikankatu 1, 33720 Tampere, Finland<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<dl class=\"affiliation\">\n<dt><sup>f<\/sup><\/dt>\n<dd>Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research (NIBIO), H\u00f8gskoleveien 8, 1433 \u00c5 s, Norway<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<h2 class=\"section-title u-h4 u-margin-l-top u-margin-xs-bottom\">Highlights<\/h2>\n<div id=\"d1e1353\">\n<div id=\"d1e1354\" class=\"u-margin-s-bottom\">\n<ul>\n<li id=\"d1e1360\" class=\"u-margin-s-bottom\">Rut depth was measured after multiple machine passes on peatland soils.<\/li>\n<li id=\"d1e1365\" class=\"u-margin-s-bottom\">An exponential decay model quantified the effect of stump proximity on soil strength.<\/li>\n<li id=\"d1e1370\" class=\"u-margin-s-bottom\">Random Forest predicted rut depth using soil, machine, and stump proximity data.<\/li>\n<li id=\"d1e1375\" class=\"u-margin-s-bottom\">Stump proximity was a key factor in reducing rut depth on forwarder trails.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 class=\"section-title u-h4 u-margin-l-top u-margin-xs-bottom\">Abstract<\/h2>\n<div id=\"d1e1308\">\n<div id=\"d1e1309\" class=\"u-margin-s-bottom\">Soil deformation is a key challenge in sustainable timber harvesting, particularly in environments with low bearing capacity. In mechanised forestry, this issue is especially pronounced in peatlands, where rutting arises from soil displacement and root shearing within the soft, organic substrate. While tree roots are known to reinforce soil, the specific role of stump-root systems in mitigating rut formation remains underexplored. This study examines the influence of stump presence on rut depth using Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) based digital terrain models (DTMs), manual field measurements, spatial modelling, and machine learning techniques. UAV-derived rut depth estimates were first compared with manual data, revealing slightly lower values in deeper ruts, particularly in curved trails, with mean discrepancies of 3 cm. Statistical analysis confirmed that cumulative stump influence significantly reduced rut depth, with a small to medium effect in straight trails (<span class=\"math\"><span id=\"MathJax-Element-1-Frame\" class=\"MathJax_SVG\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; display: inline-block; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-size: 14.4px; font-size-adjust: none; text-indent: 0px; text-align: left; text-transform: none; letter-spacing: normal; word-spacing: normal; overflow-wrap: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; border: 0px; position: relative;\" tabindex=\"0\" role=\"presentation\" data-mathml=\"&lt;math xmlns=&quot;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML&quot;&gt;&lt;msup is=&quot;true&quot;&gt;&lt;mrow is=&quot;true&quot;&gt;&lt;mi is=&quot;true&quot;&gt;&amp;#x25B;&lt;\/mi&gt;&lt;\/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow is=&quot;true&quot;&gt;&lt;mn is=&quot;true&quot;&gt;2&lt;\/mn&gt;&lt;\/mrow&gt;&lt;\/msup&gt;&lt;\/math&gt;\">\u025b<\/span><\/span> = 0.04\u20130.20) and a moderate to large effect in curved trails (<span class=\"math\"><span id=\"MathJax-Element-2-Frame\" class=\"MathJax_SVG\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; display: inline-block; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-size: 14.4px; font-size-adjust: none; text-indent: 0px; text-align: left; text-transform: none; letter-spacing: normal; word-spacing: normal; overflow-wrap: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; border: 0px; position: relative;\" tabindex=\"0\" role=\"presentation\" data-mathml=\"&lt;math xmlns=&quot;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML&quot;&gt;&lt;msup is=&quot;true&quot;&gt;&lt;mrow is=&quot;true&quot;&gt;&lt;mi is=&quot;true&quot;&gt;&amp;#x25B;&lt;\/mi&gt;&lt;\/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow is=&quot;true&quot;&gt;&lt;mn is=&quot;true&quot;&gt;2&lt;\/mn&gt;&lt;\/mrow&gt;&lt;\/msup&gt;&lt;\/math&gt;\">\u025b<\/span><\/span> = 0.02\u20130.32). Machine learning models achieved high predictive accuracy ( = 0.69\u20130.85), identifying stump-related variables and soil shear modulus as key predictors of rut formation. These findings emphasise the importance of incorporating stump-root reinforcement into forest planning to optimise machine path selection and minimise soil disturbance. Future research should refine species-specific reinforcement models and explore advanced root mapping techniques, such as ground-penetrating radar (GPR), to strengthen decision-support tools for sustainable forestry.<\/div>\n<div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div><a href=\"https:\/\/pdf.sciencedirectassets.com\/272441\/1-s2.0-S1537511025X20080\/1-s2.0-S1537511025001916\/main.pdf?X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjEIH%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2FwEaCXVzLWVhc3QtMSJHMEUCIH6LOey8%2FKZfanHX%2B8JDZSBWDSAi43ha7QKtXz%2BzZpLEAiEA3O%2FpUzOLd2hVRChdpPCounqP1fmV5voVIrPpuhmaRO8qvAUI2f%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2FARAFGgwwNTkwMDM1NDY4NjUiDDtyiGJOCq%2FAyJKviiqQBTVUICecU%2FN%2BnBHcmqLQq3ISN4KOieskHccUj8uY8Mv%2BRYnY88iTcGu1ANSLnk64ml%2F0RqIqUdZRYNdaFKPT9bblt5%2B%2BII%2BuzcYF4Msqxk3jluci5ByOOStn0isNrCwl%2FEKiL0kB7xcgwZvOI4CoTfSdk8cC3Yyc13pM%2F32lhilADJbstxzD7KRSuFWEVTYPzNhA0pUS2YgY5AevP6M%2F7rDWp%2Fzr96fbwCC1I2Wnt8CayPQHp8PJ3Inqm2IVROnI7DCqH6oNcL7Cyj%2BTurUIBIVW51kGZqLb3%2Fw5I3NvK18AEbvf0Xhjj8JShRIgGl%2FePgYW7%2BqHm1c7uyC3G%2BziGbYl87o9dk51pWWeWJhbsZUA7sahLkGnkxOk72opIi8VEX2Ml%2Bd1xrarinc6dUbcvXMxXRu%2Fpj0vY0uBBeGUTtJJ0PU2syQ8y2W0x%2BKmZn66YmygQ4so8J7ce5ZzrfwYZzgVJ3wcp%2BVCcMX4kL%2FrVlPEZG3dh5YfPiVugkZN%2BtcSmodVaCFxsodRzVNZd%2F2ghmyDFlm1%2BWVXukP51yEodoEOrxzoNqconThacaPdHbj7jpJGt5BT2yMrMkK5pDSom%2Fnr17kWt0BveoWjrKBd4vt7fGUy9PCrr7yTAI4d%2B1V%2Flhdi0sFCYnvz2LEpYwXM0nw39pkcQeC5J%2F7C1zjIS8oxJA3oWIK%2FfNhtzXPf4qnXkp6vT1%2BwCEUTLCSbtqw7lsmE5Ji4Ryts2uKtL3VZSSHtPoTatVVDGmsYLU2n%2B9EXSBC6gc0UkB5dAwT45hjuG9arv%2BSY6Ie41Kt4L5KtncA3A2iAGLlV8zSw%2FGhtEKibnf%2ByaY8m9GkHcbzYoe%2FEl3YCVoVOC%2FKEHVn0VOEwUE2gMJzHzMUGOrEBvX7vjEN0ae9pKQ46NNEnscN38VzRibFKpbYpY5Kb3kYUvKUOb4p5H8OhO3x%2FvjNSpkhbZOFsBnIZ8uukN1yH8pzO0I9IAbb2YPHDQvBkIMergIp83kNm3lt4%2Fm7fNc1BNRWPaDUFCBIgYLVr6mgPtqJdWAN7KReUR9Y9JyfgaTYmzWb%2F7AKtl3VVACkiFd1dJpijjsXruDPb6kyBXWwzlsnxcqWaGJevWpbpfBtLXcvv&amp;X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&amp;X-Amz-Date=20250830T170947Z&amp;X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&amp;X-Amz-Expires=300&amp;X-Amz-Credential=ASIAQ3PHCVTY74S5MAOR%2F20250830%2Fus-east-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&amp;X-Amz-Signature=861f3fa94ad348e6ea70275d96c02f0a3df23265b73c5abd1709f63685fc0b72&amp;hash=2b21f32bb3b18ab1b08dd159728ba997008435e38317c0202882c56783332e61&amp;host=68042c943591013ac2b2430a89b270f6af2c76d8dfd086a07176afe7c76c2c61&amp;pii=S1537511025001916&amp;tid=spdf-a374434e-138c-41b2-8fa2-034caa463025&amp;sid=c54254ee6bcb04450f9bbcf4172d06e95694gxrqb&amp;type=client&amp;tsoh=d3d3LnNjaWVuY2VkaXJlY3QuY29t&amp;rh=d3d3LnNjaWVuY2VkaXJlY3QuY29t&amp;ua=1d075e58555106550b065e&amp;rr=9775e5da9c0bb3cf&amp;cc=gb\">Click here for the full paper.<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Modelling machine-induced soil deformation in forest soils using stump proximity and machine learning Gunta Grube a b, Stefano Grigolato a b, Jari Ala-Ilom\u00e4ki c, Johanna Routa d, Harri Lindeman e, Rasmus Astrup f, Bruce Talbot b a Department of Land, Environment, Agriculture and Forestry (TESAF), University of Padova, Viale dell\u2019Universit\u00e0 16, 35020 Legnaro, Padova, Italy [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":464,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"vkexunit_cta_each_option":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[8],"tags":[66],"class_list":["post-487","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-news","tag-biosystems-engineering"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v23.9 - 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